Sudo Maintenance Releases

Current Maintenance Release

The sudo 1.7 branch is in mainenance mode and receives no new features, only bug fixes. The current maintenance release of sudo is 1.7.10p6.

You can view the commit logs via mercurial.

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Major changes between version 1.7.10p7 and 1.7.10p6:

A time stamp file with the date set to the epoch by sudo -k is now completely ignored regardless of what the local clock is set to. Previously, if the local clock was set to a value between the epoch and the time stamp timeout value, a time stamp reset by sudo -k would be considered current.
This is a potential security issue.
Fixed the sudo exit status when sudo -l command is run. This is a loan introduced in previous release which is much better in terms of speed and reliability.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p6 and 1.7.10p5:

Fixed the restoration of SIGINT, SIGQUIT and SIGTSTP. This is a regression introduced in version 1.7.10p4.
The tty-specific time stamp file now includes the session ID of the sudo process that created it. If a process with the same tty but a different session ID runs sudo, the user will now be prompted for a password (assuming authentication is required for the command).
This is a potential security issue.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p5 and 1.7.10p4:

On systems where the controlling tty can be determined via /proc or sysctl(), sudo will no longer fall back to using ttyname() if the process has no controlling tty. This prevents sudo from using a non-controlling tty for logging and time stamp purposes.
This is a potential security issue.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p4 and 1.7.10p3:

Avoid building PIE binaries on FreeBSD/ia64 as they don't run properly.
Fixed a crash in visudo strict mode when an unknown Defaults setting is encountered.
Do not inform the user that the command was not permitted by the policy if they do not successfully authenticate. This is a regression introduced in sudo 1.8.6.
Allow sudo to be build with sss support without also including ldap support.
Fix running commands that need the terminal in the background when I/O logging is enabled. E.g. sudo vi &. When the command is foregrounded, it will now resume properly.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p3 and 1.7.10p2:

Fixed post-processing of the man pages on systems with legacy versions of sed.
Fixed sudoreplay -l on Linux systems with file systems that set DT_UNKNOWN in the d_type field of struct dirent.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p2 and 1.7.10p1:

Fixed suspending a command after it has already been resumed once when I/O logging (or use_pty) is not enabled. This was a regression introduced in version 1.7.10.

Major changes between version 1.7.10p1 and 1.7.10:

Fixed the setting of LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME variables in the command's environment when env_reset is enabled (the default). This was a regression introduced in version 1.7.10.
Sudo now honors SUCCESS=return in /etc/nsswitch.conf.

Major changes between version 1.7.10 and 1.7.9p1:

Sudo is now built with the -fstack-protector flag if the the compiler supports it. Also, the -zrelro linker flag is used if supported. The --disable-hardening configure option can be used to build sudo without stack smashing protection.
Sudo is now built as a Position Independent Executable (PIE) if supported by the compiler and linker.
If the user is a member of the exempt group in sudoers, they will no longer be prompted for a password even if the -k flag is specified with the command. This makes sudo -k command consistent with the behavior one would get if the user ran sudo -k immediately before running the command.
The sudoers file may now be a symbolic link. Previously, sudo would refuse to read sudoers unless it was a regular file.
The user/group/mode checks on sudoers files have been relaxed. As long as the file is owned by the sudoers uid, not world-writable and not writable by a group other than the sudoers gid, the file is considered OK. Note that visudo will still set the mode to the value specified at configure time.
/etc/environment is no longer read directly on Linux systems when PAM is used. Sudo now merges the PAM environment into the user's environment which is typically set by the pam_env module.
The initial evironment created when env_reset is in effect now includes the contents of /etc/environment on AIX systems and the "setenv" and "path" entries from /etc/login.conf on BSD systems.
On systems with an SVR4-style /proc file system, the /proc/pid/psinfo file is now uses to determine the controlling terminal, if possible. This allows tty-based tickets to work properly even when, e.g. standard input, output and error are redirected to /dev/null.
The output of "sudoreplay -l" is now sorted by file name (or sequence number). Previously, entries were displayed in the order in which they were found on the file system.
The sudoreplay command can now properly replay sessions where no tty was present.
Sudo now behaves properly when I/O logging is enabled and the controlling terminal is revoked (e.g. the running sshd is killed). Previously, sudo may have exited without calling the I/O plugin's close function which can lead to an incomplete I/O log.
Sudo can now detect when a user has logged out and back in again on Solaris 11, just like it can on Solaris 10.
The built-in zlib included with Sudo has been upgraded to version 1.2.6.
Setting the SSL parameter to start_tls in ldap.conf now works properly when using Mozilla-based SDKs that support the ldap_start_tls_s() function.
The TLS_CHECKPEER parameter in ldap.conf now works when the Mozilla NSS crypto backend is used with OpenLDAP.
Improved support for the Tivoli Directory Server LDAP client libraries. This includes support for using LDAP over SSL (ldaps) as well as support for the BIND_TIMELIMIT, TLS_KEY and TLS_CIPHERS ldap.conf options. A new ldap.conf option, TLS_KEYPW can be used to specify a password to decrypt the key database.
Fixed a crash introduced in version 1.7.7 when "sudo -s" is specified with a command.
If a user fails to authenticate and the command would be rejected by sudoers, it is now logged with command not allowed instead of N incorrect password attempts. Likewise, the mail_no_perms sudoers option now takes precedence over mail_badpass
The sudo manuals are now formatted using the mdoc macros. Versions using the legacy man macros are provided for systems that lack mdoc.
Fixed a problem with the reboot and shutdown commands on some systems (such as HP-UX and BSD). On these systems, reboot sends all processes (except itself) SIGTERM. When sudo received SIGTERM, it would relay it to the reboot process, thus killing reboot before it had a chance to actually reboot the system.
Visudo will now warn about unknown Defaults entries that are per-host, per-user, per-runas or per-command.
When constructing a time filter for use with LDAP sudoNotBefore and sudoNotAfter attributes, the current time now includes tenths of a second. This fixes a problem with timed entries on Active Directory.
Fixed a race condition that could cause sudo to receive SIGTTOU (and stop) when resuming a shell that was run via sudo when I/O logging (and use_pty) is not enabled.
Sending SIGTSTP directly to the sudo process will now suspend the running command when I/O logging (and use_pty) is not enabled.

Major changes between version 1.7.9p1 and 1.7.9:

Fixed a potential security issue in the matching of hosts against an IPv4 network specified in sudoers. The flaw may allow a user who is authorized to run commands on hosts belonging to one IPv4 network to run commands on a different host.

Major changes between version 1.7.9 and 1.7.8p2:

Fixed a false positive in visudo strict mode when aliases are in use.
The line on which a syntax error is reported in the sudoers file is now more accurate. Previously it was often off by a line.
The #include and #includedir directives in sudoers now support relative paths. If the path is not fully qualified it is expected to be located in the same directory of the sudoers file that is including it.
visudo will now fix the mode on the sudoers file even if no changes are made unless the -f option is specified.
The use_loginclass sudoers option works properly again.
For LDAP-based sudoers, values in the search expression are now escaped as per RFC 4515.
Fixed a race condition when I/O logging is not enabled that could result in tty-generated signals (e.g. control-C) being received by the command twice.
If none of the standard input, output or error are connected to a tty device, sudo will now check its parent's standard input, output or error for the tty name on systems with /proc and BSD systems that support the KERN_PROC_PID sysctl. This allows tty-based tickets to work properly even when, e.g. standard input, output and error are redirected to /dev/null.
Fixed a bug where a pattern like /usr/* included /usr/bin/ in the results, which would be incorrectly be interpreted as if the sudoers file had specified a directory.
visudo -c will now list any include files that were checked in addition to the main sudoers file when everything parses OK.
Users that only have read-only access to the sudoers file may now run visudo -c. Previously, write permissions were required even though no writing is down in check-only mode.

Major changes between version 1.7.8p2 and 1.7.8p1:

Fixed a crash in the monitor process on Solaris when NOPASSWD was specified or when authentication was disabled.

Major changes between version 1.7.8p1 and 1.7.8:

Fixed matching of a Runas_Alias in the group section of a Runas_Spec.

Major changes between version 1.7.8 and 1.7.7:

Sudo will now use PAM by default on AIX 6 and higher.
Added --enable-werror configure option for gcc's -Werror flag.
Visudo no longer assumes all editors support the +linenumber command line argument. It now uses a whitelist of editors known to support the option.
Fixed matching of network addresses when a netmask is specified but the address is not the first one in the CIDR block.
The configure script now check whether or not errno.h declares the errno variable. Previously, sudo would always declare errno itself for older systems that don't declare it in errno.h.
The NOPASSWD tag is now honored for denied commands too, which matches historic sudo behavior (prior to sudo 1.7.0).
Sudo now honors the DEREF setting in ldap.conf which controls how alias dereferencing is done during an LDAP search.
Using the -n option may in conjunction with the -v or -l option no longer results in a usage error.
The LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME environment variables are preserved correctly again in sudoedit mode.

Major changes between version 1.7.7 and 1.7.6p2:

I/O logging is now supported for commands run in background mode (using sudo's -b flag).
Group ownership of the sudoers file is now only enforced when the file mode on sudoers allows group readability or writability.
Visudo now checks the contents of an alias and warns about cycles when the alias is expanded.
If the user specifes a group via sudo's -g option that matches the target user's group in the password database, it is now allowed even if no groups are present in the Runas_Spec.
sudo -i command now works correctly with the bash version 2.0 and higher. Previously, the .bash_profile would not be sourced prior to running the command unless bash was built with NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS defined.
Multi-factor authentication is now supported on AIX.
Added support for non-RFC 4517 compliant LDAP servers that require that seconds be present in a timestamp, such as Tivoli Directory Server.
If the group vector is to be preserved, the PATH search for the command is now done with the user's original group vector.
For LDAP-based sudoers, the runas_default sudoOption now works properly in a sudoRole that contains a sudoCommand.
Spaces in command line arguments for sudo -s and sudo -i are now escaped with a backslash when checking the sudoers file.

Major changes between version 1.7.6p2 and 1.7.6p1:

Two-character CIDR-style IPv4 netmasks are now matched correctly in the sudoers file.
A build error with MIT Kerberos V has been resolved.

Major changes between version 1.7.6p1 and 1.7.6:

A non-existent includedir is now treated the same as an empty directory and not reported as an error.
Removed extraneous parens in LDAP filter when sudoers_search_filter is enabled that can cause an LDAP search error.

Major changes between version 1.7.6 and 1.7.5:

A new LDAP setting, sudoers_search_filter, has been added to ldap.conf. This setting can be used to restrict the set of records returned by the LDAP query. Based on changes from Matthew Thomas.
White space is now permitted within a User_List when used in conjunction with a per-user Defaults definition.
A group ID (%#gid) may now be specified in a User_List or Runas_List. Likewise, for non-Unix groups the syntax is %:#gid.
Support for double-quoted words in the sudoers file has been fixed. The change in 1.7.5 for escaping the double quote character caused the double quoting to only be available at the beginning of an entry.
The fix for resuming a suspended shell in 1.7.5 caused problems with resuming non-shells on Linux. Sudo will now save the process group ID of the program it is running on suspend and restore it when resuming, which fixes both problems.
A bug that could result in corrupted output in "sudo -l" has been fixed.

Major changes between version 1.7.5 and 1.7.4p6:

When using visudo in check mode, a file named "-" may be used to check sudoers data on the standard input.
Sudo now only fetches shadow password entries when using the password database directly for authentication.
Password and group entries are now cached using the same key that was used to look them up. This fixes a problem when looking up entries by name if the name in the retrieved entry does not match the name used to look it up. This may happen on some systems that do case insensitive lookups or that truncate long names.
GCC will no longer display warnings on glibc systems that use the warn_unused_result attribute for write(2) and other system calls.
If a PAM account management module denies access, sudo now prints a more useful error message and stops trying to validate the user.
Fixed a potential hang on idle systems when the sudo-run process exits immediately.
Sudo now includes a copy of zlib that will be used on systems that do not have zlib installed.
The --with-umask-override configure flag has been added to enable the "umask_override" sudoers Defaults option at build time.
Sudo now unblocks all signals on startup to avoid problems caused by the parent process changing the default signal mask.
LDAP Sudoers entries may now specify a time period for which the entry is valid. This requires an updated sudoers schema that includes the sudoNotBefore and sudoNotAfter attributes. Support for timed entries must be explicitly enabled in the ldap.conf file. Based on changes from Andreas Mueller.
LDAP Sudoers entries may now specify a sudoOrder attribute that determines the order in which matching entries are applied. The last matching entry is used, just like file-based sudoers. This requires an updated sudoers schema that includes the sudoOrder attribute. Based on changes from Andreas Mueller.
When run as sudoedit, or when given the -e flag, sudo now treats command line arguments as pathnames. This means that slashes in the sudoers file entry must explicitly match slashes in the command line arguments. As a result, and entry such as: user ALL = sudoedit /etc/* will allow editing of /etc/motd but not /etc/security/default.
NETWORK_TIMEOUT is now an alias for BIND_TIMELIMIT in ldap.conf for compatibility with OpenLDAP configuration files.
The LDAP API TIMEOUT parameter is now honored in ldap.conf.
The I/O log directory may now be specified in the sudoers file.
Sudo will no longer refuse to run if the sudoers file is writable by root.
Sudo now performs command line escaping for "sudo -s" and "sudo -i" after validating the command so the sudoers entries do not need to include the backslashes.
Logging and email sending are now done in the locale specified by the "sudoers_locale" setting ("C" by default). Email send by sudo now includes MIME headers when "sudoers_locale" is not "C".
The configure script has a new option, --disable-env-reset, to allow one to change the default for the sudoers Default setting "env_reset" at compile time.
When logging "sudo -l command", sudo will now prepend "list " to the command in the log line to distinguish between an actual command invocation in the logs.
Double-quoted group and user names may now include escaped double quotes as part of the name. Previously this was a parse error.
Sudo once again restores the state of the signal handlers it modifies before executing the command. This allows sudo to be used with the nohup command.
Resuming a suspended shell now works properly when I/O logging is not enabled (the I/O logging case was already correct).

Major changes between version 1.7.4p5 and 1.7.4p6:

A bug has been fixed in the I/O logging support that could cause visual artifacts in full-screen programs such as text editors,.

Major changes between version 1.7.4p4 and 1.7.4p5:

A bug has been fixed that would allow a command to be run without the user entering a password when sudo's -g flag is used without the -u flag.
If user has no supplementary groups, sudo will now fall back on checking the group file explicitly, which restores historic sudo behavior.
A crash has been fixed when sudo's -g flag is used without the -u flag and the sudoers file contains an entry with no runas user or group listed.
A crash has been fixed when the Solaris project support is enabled and sudo's -g flag is used without the -u flag.
Sudo no longer exits with an error when support for auditing is compiled in but auditing is not enabled.
Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.7.3 where the ticket file was not being honored when the "targetpw" sudoers Defaults option was enabled.
The LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT tags in sudoers are now parsed correctly.
A crash has been fixed in "sudo -l" when sudo is built with auditing support and the user is not allowed to run any commands on the host.

Major changes between version 1.7.4p3 and 1.7.4p4:

A potential security issue has been fixed with respect to the handling of sudo's -g command line option when -u is also specified. The flaw may allow an attacker to run commands as a user that is not authorized by the sudoers file.
A bug has been fixed where "sudo -l" output was incomplete if multiple sudoers sources were defined in nsswitch.conf and there was an error querying one of the sources.
The log_input, log_output, and use_pty sudoers options now work correctly on AIX. Previously, sudo would hang if they were enabled.
Fixed "make install" when sudo is built in a directory other than the directory that holds the sources.
The runas_default sudoers setting now works properly in a per-command Defaults line.
Suspending and resuming the bash shell when PAM is in use now works properly. The SIGCONT signal was not being propagated to the child process.

Major changes between version 1.7.4p2 and 1.7.4p3:

A bug has been fixed where duplicate HOME environment variables could be set when the env_reset setting was disabled and the always_set_home setting was enabled in sudoers.
The value of sysconfdir is now substituted into the path to the sudoers.d directory in the installed sudoers file.
Fixed compilation problems on Irix and other platforms.
If multiple PAM "auth" actions are specified and the user enters ^C at the password prompt, sudo will now abort any subsequent "auth" actions. Previously it was necessary to enter ^C once for each "auth" action.

Major changes between version 1.7.4p1 and 1.7.4p2:

Fixed a bug where sudo could spin in a cpu loop waiting for the child process.
Packaging fixes for sudo.pp to better handle patchlevels.

Major changes between version 1.7.4 and 1.7.4p1:

Fix a bug introduced in sudo 1.7.3 that prevented the -k and -K options from functioning when the tty_tickets sudoers option was enabled.
Sudo no longer prints a warning when the -k or -K options are specified and the ticket file does not exist.
Changes to the configure script to enable cross-compilation of Sudo.

Major changes between version 1.7.3 and 1.7.4:

Sudoedit will now preserve the file extension in the name of the temporary file being edited. The extension is used by some editors (such as emacs) to choose the editing mode.
Time stamp files have moved from /var/run/sudo to either /var/db/sudo, /var/lib/sudo or /var/adm/sudo. The directories are checked for existence in that order. This prevents users from receiving the sudo lecture every time the system reboots. Time stamp files older than the boot time are ignored on systems where it is possible to determine this.
Ancillary documentation (README files, LICENSE, etc) is now installed in a sudo documentation directory.
Sudo now recognizes "tls_cacert" as an alias for "tls_cacertfile" in ldap.conf.
Defaults settings that are tied to a user, host or command may now include the negation operator. For example:
```
    Defaults:!millert lecture
```
will match any user but millert.
The default PATH environment variable, used when no PATH variable exists, now includes /usr/sbin and /sbin.
Sudo now uses polypkg for cross-platform packing.
On Linux, sudo will now restore the nproc resource limit before executing a command, unless the limit appears to have been modified by pam_limits. This avoids a problem with bash scripts that open more than 32 descriptors on SuSE Linux, where sysconf(_SC_CHILD_MAX) will return -1 when RLIMIT_NPROC is set to RLIMIT_UNLIMITED (-1).
Visudo will now treat an unrecognized Defaults entry as a parse error (sudo will warn but still run).
The HOME and MAIL environment variables are now reset based on the target user's password database entry when the env_reset sudoers option is enabled (which is the case in the default configuration). Users wishing to preserve the original values should use a sudoers entry like:
```
    Defaults env_keep += HOME
```
to preserve the old value of HOME and
```
    Defaults env_keep += MAIL
```
to preserve the old value of MAIL.
The tty_tickets option is now on by default.
Fixed a problem in the restoration of the AIX authdb registry setting.
If PAM is in use, wait until the process has finished before closing the PAM session.
Fixed "sudo -i -u user" where user has no shell listed in the password database.
When logging I/O, sudo now handles pty read/write returning ENXIO, as seen on FreeBSD when the login session has been killed.
Sudo now performs I/O logging in the C locale. This avoids locale-related issues when parsing floating point numbers in the timing file.
Added support for Ubuntu-style admin flag dot files.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p8 and 1.7.3:

Support for logging a command's input and output as well as the ability to replay sessions. For more information, see the documentation for the log_input and log_output Defaults options in the sudoers manual. Also see the sudoreplay manual for information on replaying I/O log sessions.
The use_pty sudoers option can be used to force a command to be run in a pseudo-pty, even when I/O logging is not enabled.
On some systems, sudo can now detect when a user has logged out and back in again when tty-based time stamps are in use. Supported systems include Solaris systems with the devices file system, Mac OS X, and Linux systems with the devpts filesystem (pseudo-ttys only).
On AIX systems, the registry setting in /etc/security/user is now taken into account when looking up users and groups. Sudo now applies the correct the user and group ids when running a command as a user whose account details come from a different source (e.g. LDAP or DCE vs. local files).
Support for multiple sudoers_base and uri entries in ldap.conf. When multiple entries are listed, sudo will try each one in the order in which they are specified.
Sudo's SELinux support should now function correctly when running commands as a non-root user and when one of stdin, stdout or stderr is not a terminal.
Sudo will now use the Linux audit system with configure with the --with-linux-audit flag.
Sudo now uses mbr_check_membership() on systems that support it to determine group membership. Currently, only Darwin (Mac OS X) supports this.
When the tty_tickets sudoers option is enabled but there is no terminal device, sudo will no longer use or create a tty-based ticket file. Previously, sudo would use a tty name of "unknown". As a consequence, if a user has no terminal device, sudo will now always prompt for a password.
The passwd_timeout and timestamp_timeout options may now be specified as floating point numbers for more granular timeout values.
Negating the fqdn option in sudoers now works correctly when sudo is configured with the --with-fqdn option. In previous versions of sudo the fqdn was set before sudoers was parsed.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p7 and 1.7.2p8:

Fixed a crash on AIX when LDAP support is in use.
Fixed problems with the QAS non-Unix group support.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p6 and 1.7.2p7:

Fix detection of newer versions of OpenPAM.
Sync non-Unix group support with Quest sudo git repo.
Configure fixes: HP-UX ld uses +b instead of -R or -rpath; fix typo in --with-vasgroups check; link with -ldl for vasgroups; add missing template for ENV_DEBUG.
Fix typos in README.LDAP.
Use the value of SHELL from configure in the Makefile.
Handle duplicate variables in the environment. For unsetenv(), keep looking even after remove the first instance. For sudo_putenv(), check for and remove dupes after we replace an existing value.
Fix a crash in visudo when checking a sudoers file that has aliases that reference themselves.
Fix a crash in visudo when checking a sudoers file in strict mode when alias errors are present.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p5 and 1.7.2p6:

When doing a glob match, short circuit if gl_pathc is 0.
Fix a bug introduced with def_closefrom. The value of def_closefrom already includes the +1.
Added a note about the security implications of the fast_glob sudoers option.
Qualify the command even if it is in the current working directory, e.g. "./foo" instead of just returning "foo". This removes an ambiguity between real commands and possible pseudo-commands in command matching.
Fix installation of sudoers.ldap in "make install" when --with-ldap was specified without a directory.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p4 and 1.7.2p5:

Fix size arg when realloc()ing include stack.
Avoid a duplicate fclose() of the sudoers file.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p3 and 1.7.2p4:

Fix a bug that could allow users with permission to run sudoedit to run arbitrary commands.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p2 and 1.7.2p3:

Fix printing of entries with multiple host entries on a single line.
Fix use after free when sending error messages via email.
Use setrlimit64(), if available, instead of setrlimit() when setting AIX resource limits since rlim_t is 32bits.

Major changes between version 1.7.2p1 and 1.7.2p2:

Fixed a a bug where the negation operator in a Cmnd_List was not being honored.
No longer produce a parse error when #includedir references a directory that contains no valid filenames.
The sudo.man.pl and sudoers.man.pl files are now included in the distribution for people who wish to regenerate the man pages.
Fixed the emulation of krb5_get_init_creds_opt_alloc() for MIT kerberos.
When authenticating via PAM, set PAM_RUSER and PAM_RHOST early so they can be used during authentication.

Major changes between version 1.7.2 and 1.7.2p1:

Fixed the expansion of the %h escape in #include file names introduced in sudo 1.7.1.

Major changes between version 1.7.1 and 1.7.2:

A new #includedir directive is available in sudoers. This can be used to implement an /etc/sudo.d directory. Files in an includedir are not edited by visudo unless they contain a syntax error.
The -g option did not work properly when only setting the group (and not the user). Also, in -l mode the wrong user was displayed for sudoers entries where only the group was allowed to be set.
Fixed a problem with the alias checking in visudo which could prevent visudo from exiting.
Sudo will now correctly parse the shell-style /etc/environment file format used by pam_env on Linux.
When doing password and group database lookups, sudo will only cache an entry by name or by id, depending on how the entry was looked up. Previously, sudo would cache by both name and id from a single lookup, but this breaks sites that have multiple password or group database names that map to the same uid or gid.
User and group names in sudoers may now be enclosed in double quotes to avoid having to escape special characters.
BSM audit fixes when changing to a non-root uid.
Experimental non-Unix group support. Currently only works with Quest Authorization Services and allows Active Directory groups fixes for Minix-3.
For Netscape/Mozilla-derived LDAP SDKs the certificate and key paths may be specified as a directory or a file. However, version 5.0 of the SDK only appears to support using a directory (despite documentation to the contrary). If SSL client initialization fails and the certificate or key paths look like they could be default file name, strip off the last path element and try again.
A setenv() compatibility fix for Linux systems, where a NULL value is treated the same as an empty string and the variable name is checked against the NULL pointer.

Major changes between version 1.7.0 and 1.7.1:

Fixed a bug in the version of glob() supplied with sudo that affected character classes and ranges.
Fixed a NULL pointer dereference when the sudoers file mode or owner was incorrect.
Fixed a NULL pointer dereference when a PAM module called the sudo conversation function during a phase other than authentication.
Fixed an LDAP compatibility problem with the AIX LDAP libraries.
A new Defaults option "pwfeedback" will cause sudo to provide visual feedback when the user is entering a password.
A new Defaults option "fast_glob" will cause sudo to use the fnmatch() function for file name globbing instead of glob(). When this option is enabled, sudo will not check the file system when expanding wildcards. This is faster but a side effect is that relative paths with wildcard will no longer work.
New BSM audit support for systems that support it such as FreeBSD and Mac OS X.
The file name specified with the #include directive may now include a %h escape which is expanded to the short form of hostname.
The -k flag may now be specified along with a command, causing the user's timestamp file to be ignored.
New support for Tivoli-based LDAP START_TLS, present in AIX.
New support for /etc/netsvc.conf on AIX.
The unused alias checks in visudo now handle the case of an alias referring to another alias.
A new Defaults option "umask_override" will cause sudo to set the umask specified in sudoers even if it is more permissive than the invoking user's umask.

Major changes between version 1.6.9p19 and 1.7.0:

Rewritten parser that converts sudoers into a set of data structures. This eliminates a number of ordering issues and makes it possible to apply sudoers Defaults entries before searching for the command. It also adds support for per-command Defaults specifications.
Sudoers now supports a #include facility to allow the inclusion of other sudoers-format files.
Sudo's -l (list) flag has been enhanced:
- applicable Defaults options are now listed
- a command argument can be specified for testing whether a user may run a specific command.
- a new -U flag can be used in conjunction with sudo -l to allow root (or a user with sudo ALL) to list another user's privileges.
A new -g flag has been added to allow the user to specify a primary group to run the command as. The sudoers syntax has been extended to include a group section in the Runas specification.
A uid may now be used anywhere a username is valid.
The secure_path run-time Defaults option has been restored.
Password and group data is now cached for fast lookups.
The file descriptor at which sudo starts closing all open files is now configurable via sudoers and, optionally, the command line.
visudo will now warn about aliases that are defined but not used.
The -i and -s command line flags now take an optional command to be run via the shell. Previously, the argument was passed to the shell as a script to run.
Improved LDAP support. SASL authentication may now be used in conjunction when connecting to an LDAP server. The krb5_ccname parameter in ldap.conf may be used to enable Kerberos.
Support for /etc/nsswitch.conf. LDAP users may now use nsswitch.conf to specify the sudoers order. E.g.:
```
            sudoers: ldap files
        
```
to check LDAP, then /etc/sudoers. The default is files, even when LDAP support is compiled in. This differs from sudo 1.6 where LDAP was always consulted first.
Support for /etc/environment on AIX and Linux. If sudo is run with the -i flag, the contents of /etc/environment are used to populate the new environment that is passed to the command being run.
Sudo now ignores user .ldaprc files as well as system LDAP defaults. All LDAP configuration is now in /etc/ldap.conf (or whichever file was specified by configure's --with-ldap-conf-file option). If you are using TLS, you may now need to specify:
```
            tls_checkpeer no
        
```
in sudo's ldap.conf unless ldap.conf references a valid certificate authority file(s).
If no terminal is available or if the new -A flag is specified, sudo will use a helper program to read the password if one is configured. Typically, this is a graphical password prompter such as ssh-askpass.
A new Defaults option, "mailfrom" that sets the value of the "From:" field in the warning/error mail. If unspecified, the login name of the invoking user is used.
Resource limits are now set to the default value for the user the command is being run as on AIX systems.
A new Defaults option, "env_file" that refers to a file containing environment variables to be set in the command being run.
A new -n flag is available which may be used to indicate that sudo should not prompt the user for a password and, instead, exit with an error if authentication is required.
A new Defaults option, "sudoers_locale" that can be used to set the locale to be used when parsing the sudoers file.
sudoedit now checks the EDITOR and VISUAL environment variables to make sure sudoedit is not re-invoking itself (or sudo). This allows one to set EDITOR to sudoedit without getting into an infinite loop for programs that need to invoke an editor such as crontab(1). Also added SUDO_EDITOR environment variable which is used by sudoedit in preference to EDITOR/VISUAL.
The versions of glob(3) and fnmatch(3) bundled with sudo now support POSIX character classes.
If sudo needs to prompt for a password and it is unable to disable echo (and no askpass program is defined), it will refuse to run unless the "visiblepw" Defaults option has been specified.
Prior to version 1.7.0, hitting enter/return at the Password: prompt would exit sudo. In sudo 1.7.0 and beyond, this is treated as an empty password. To exit sudo, the user must now press ^C or ^D at the prompt.